What does the contingency approach recognize regarding the relationship between organizations and their environments?
a) Independence
b) Complexity
c) Simplicity
d) Homogeneity
Who categorized organizations into three types based on their technology in contingency theory?
a) G.M. Stalker
b) Joan Woodward
c) Tom Burns
d) Paul R. Lawrence
What did G.M. Stalker emphasize in his research within contingency theory?
a) Importance of universal rules
b) Distinction between mechanistic and organic structures
c) Environmental adaptation
d) Complexity of management practices
According to the contingency approach, what is crucial for managing complexity in organizations, as introduced by Lawrence and Lorsch?
a) Uniformity
b) Differentiation and integration
c) Situational adaptation
d) Environmental independence
What does the contingency approach emphasize regarding management practices?
a) Fixed principles
b) Universal applications regarding organization
c) Adaptability to specific circumstances
d) Isolation from external factors
What is the primary focus of Tom Burns and G.M. Stalker's work in "The Management of Innovation"?
a) Environmental adaptation is necessary for every organization
b) Complexity acknowledgment
c) Different types of innovation and their environmental contexts
d) Universal rules of innovation
