What is emphasized in Robert L. Kahn's research within the system approach?
a) Importance of isolated organizations
b) Dynamics of complex organizations
c) Lack of adaptation in organizations
d) Irrelevance of organizational surroundings
What is emphasized in Robert L. Kahn's research within the system approach?
a) Importance of isolated organizations
b) Dynamics of complex organizations
c) Lack of adaptation in organizations
d) Irrelevance of organizational surroundings
What is a notable contribution of Richard A. Johnson to the system approach?
a) Emphasis on isolated thinking
b) Application of system dynamics to address complex problems
c) Disregard for dynamic relationships
d) Rejection of interconnected components
What is a key feature of the contingency approach regarding organizational structures?
a) Universal applicability of rules
b) Environmental influence
c) Situational adaptation
d) Complexity acknowledgment
According to the contingency approach, what significantly impacts organizations?
a) Internal structure
b) External environment
c) Management practices
d) Economic conditions
What distinguishes the contingency approach from some earlier management theories?
a) Universal rules
b) Situational adaptation
c) Complexity acknowledgment
d) Mechanistic structures
